{"id":2522297,"date":"2023-08-07T20:03:38","date_gmt":"2023-08-07T20:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/?p=2522297"},"modified":"2025-12-29T12:56:21","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T12:56:21","slug":"three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-part-one","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-part-one\/","title":{"rendered":"Three Ways to Punish Wide Preflop Ranges &#8211; Part One"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>It\u2019s no secret that most poker players play too many hands preflop. In fact, <em>you<\/em> probably play too many hands preflop. There are <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/3-unprofitable-preflop-mistakes-you-are-making\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">great treatment programs<\/a> for this ailment, but this is not one of them. I am here to tell you how to exploit the people whose preflop ranges are too wide, and aren&#8217;t even in recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents uagb-toc__align-left uagb-toc__columns-1  uagb-block-b05238fc      \"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-scroll= \"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-offset= \"30\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstyle=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-toc__wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-toc__title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTable Of Contents\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-toc__list-wrap \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#why-does-everybody-play-too-many-hands\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Why does everybody play too many hands?<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#how-do-we-exploit-wide-preflop-ranges\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">How do we exploit wide preflop ranges?<\/a><ul class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#open-smaller-early-bigger-late\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Open smaller early, bigger late<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#consider-limping-in-early-position-with-certain-classes-of-hands\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Consider limping in early position with certain classes of hands<\/a><ul class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#premiums\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Premiums<\/a><\/ul><\/ul><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why does everybody play too many hands?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>I want to briefly discuss the reasons why people choose to play a hand, rather than fold, <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/the-best-preflop-strategy-to-crush-cash-games\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">preflop<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It&#8217;s a playable hand in the context of the prior action, stacks, reads on other players, etc. This is the most obvious, compelling reason to voluntarily put chips in a pot. It\u2019s what winning players do. Everything beyond this reason is stretching one\u2019s opening range too far.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">A player has looked at their cards, and decided that those cards <em>need to see a flop<\/em>. They\u2019re paying little or no attention to the action around them \u2013 they are simply looking at their cards. I have coined a clever term for this: a player\u2019s \u201csee the flop\u201d range.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><br><strong>Many low-stakes players have a \u201csee the flop\u201d range \u2013 a set of hands that want to see the first three community cards. Such players are, within reason, inelastic about the cost of their ticket to the flop.<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They like seeing flops. \u201cFolding is boring\u201d has become a rallying cry for poker players everywhere. If folding is boring, then the opposite of folding (putting chips in the pot) must be the opposite of boring \u2013 fun, exciting, interesting.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There&#8217;s a big pot building and they don&#8217;t want to be on the sidelines for it. Just call it flop FOMO.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interpersonal dynamics among two or more players. This plays a bigger role than you might suspect. Particularly in live games, people\u2019s egos can take over management of their chip stack.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Random alpha particles and other cognitive processes about which I have no clue. Sometimes, people play hands preflop for no sane or even discernable reason. Which is fine \u2013 they paid for their chips \u2013 how they play them is neither your business nor mine.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/push-fold-charts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jl-push-fold-charts-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Master a GTO short stack preflop poker tournament strategy and know when to move all-in with the help of Jonathan Little's Push Fold Charts on PokerCoaching.com\" class=\"wp-image-2519906\" width=\"633\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jl-push-fold-charts-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jl-push-fold-charts-746x420.jpg 746w, https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jl-push-fold-charts-373x210.jpg 373w, https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jl-push-fold-charts-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jl-push-fold-charts-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jl-push-fold-charts.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/push-fold-charts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\"><strong><em>Make the best preflop decisions with Jonathan Little&#8217;s Push\/Fold Charts!<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How do we exploit wide preflop ranges?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If the other players at our table are seeing too many flops, that is costing them money. You can\u2019t have a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mypokercoaching.com\/pfr-vpip-poker-stats\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">VPIP of 70%<\/a> and be profitable \u2013 you just whiff way too many flops and burn your preflop investment. Because poker is a zero-sum game, if our opponents are losing money by playing too many hands, then it becomes available to us. How do we capitalize on that error and maximize our profit from it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Open to a smaller size in early position and larger in later position.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider open limping certain classes of hands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sit to the left of people with absurdly high VPIPs.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Open smaller early, bigger late<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m going to say something shocking and controversial here: <em>position is important<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Okay, it\u2019s neither shocking nor controversial, but like all important lessons, it bears repeating. In this particular case, it\u2019s important because<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The people who benefit most from opponents playing too many hands are those who act behind them.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s suppose you\u2019re playing <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/3-big-mistakes-that-most-small-stakes-poker-players-make\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">$1\/$2 no-limit hold\u2019em<\/a>. You open A<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u2666<\/mark>K\u2660 to $8 UTG+1, and a middle position player calls with Q<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u2665<\/mark>4<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u2665<\/mark>. Despite your hand being much stronger than theirs, this is not particularly advantageous for you, because that player will act after you throughout the hand. In fact, the players who most benefit from that player\u2019s overly loose call are the ones between them and the button, should they enter the pot. Conversely, if you are in the hijack seat, that same player limps with the same Q<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u2665<\/mark>4<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u2665<\/mark>, and you raise to $8 with A<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u2666<\/mark>K\u2660, this is a great situation for you.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, the power balance has shifted sufficiently that you can open bigger in later positions, particularly when there <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/3-deadly-techniques-to-punish-limpers-in-live-cash-games\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">have been limpers<\/a> in front of you. A \u201cstandard\u201d recommendation is to open to three big blinds, plus one extra for each limper in front of you. If your opponents are playing too many hands (and most do) you can open bigger in late position. I suggest 4x or even 5x plus one for each limper. In our $1\/$2 example, I would open to $10 or $12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This will work as long as (a) your opponents continue to call with weak ranges, and (b) you don\u2019t fear frequent 3-bets. These conditions hold for almost all low stakes live games, so I encourage you to experiment with these larger sizings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note, by the way, that you\u2019re giving away no hand strength information with this strategy. If I see that Martha opens to 3x UTG+1, but 5x in the cutoff, she\u2019s given me nothing about her hand strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/the-bankroll-bible\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/PC-Blog_Tips-For-Managing-Your-Poker-Bankroll-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"It is important you properly manage your Poker Bankroll whenever you play poker tournaments and cash games. Remember to factor in rake and travel expenses when you play poker.\" class=\"wp-image-2467888\" width=\"587\" height=\"330\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/the-bankroll-bible\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">Read one of the highest regarded articles on the PokerCoaching.com blog: The Bankroll Bible<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consider limping in early position with certain classes of hands<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t freak out. I know that almost all reputable training sites and <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/privatecoaching\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">no-limit hold\u2019em coaches<\/a> encourage students to <em>never<\/em> limp. That is great advice, particularly for beginning or weaker students. Why? Because so many poker players have a \u201csee the flop\u201d range, because folding is boring \u2013 all the reasons that I mentioned above. Giving a student permission to limp under <em>any<\/em> circumstances can quickly be misapplied as permission to limp under <em>a lot <\/em>of circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m going to give you credit for not misapplying this advice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose you are in a game where the <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/how-to-study-preflop-ranges-and-poker-strategies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">most common preflop<\/a> scenario is a single raise, with multiple players seeing the flop. This dynamic frequently exists in low stakes live games:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A player opens for a raise in early position, gets a handful of calls behind, and then the blinds say, \u201cPot odds!\u201d and call as well.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Two or three players limp, the cutoff raises, the big blind calls, and all the limpers call.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sound familiar? If so, there are two types of hands with which you might choose to limp:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Premiums<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>These are the hands that are traditionally limp\/reraising candidates. In a tight game, an early position player waking up with KK might fear that if they raise, everybody will fold, and they\u2019ll win nothing but the blinds. So they limp, hoping for a raise behind them. Then they come over the top with a limp\/reraise.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is particularly effective in the kinds of games I just described. You are in a $2\/$5 game with $500 stacks, and limp UTG+1 with K<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u2665<\/mark>K\u2663. Now UTG+2 makes it $20, gets two calls behind them, and the big blind calls as well. You make it $150. This puts any hand but aces in a no-win situation. They can fold, lose their $20 investment, and their equity in the pot, or call, taking very much the worse of it. If anybody does call, there will be almost $400 in the pot with $350 behind \u2013 you can jam on any non-ace flop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBut wait, Lee \u2013 if I do that, I\u2019m turning my hand face-up. Nobody limp\/re-raises with anything but the premiums.\u201d Well, first, you <em>are<\/em> allowed to limp\/re-raise with non-premiums, and we\u2019ll get to that in a minute. But also, what are they going to do about it? Suppose they <em>know<\/em> you have a premium pair? The damage has already been done for the three players who called the initial raise. This is the one of the penalties that loose players pay for calling raises too wide. <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/5-reasons-why-3-bets-crush-in-cash-games\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">When a 3-bet comes in<\/a>, they\u2019ve already invested four BBs, and can either burn that investment, or send another $130 to chase after the original $20. Neither option is attractive, so you win either way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That\u2019s enough for now. To keep this article a readable length, I\u2019m going to break it into two pieces \u2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-part-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">but you can read the second half here<\/a>. For now, let\u2019s briefly summarize what we\u2019ve learned so far:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Almost all poker players (probably including you) play too many hands preflop.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many players play so many hands that it is impossible for them to be profitable \u2013 they are dumping money onto the table at every session.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Because poker is a zero-sum game, some of that money will come to us. With the correct strategy we can maximize the amount that we scoop in.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Three techniques for maximizing that profit:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In late position, open to a larger size than you do in early position.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider limping in early position with specific classes of hands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keep extremely high VPIP players on your right.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019ve covered the first class of hands that you might limp in early position \u2013 the premium hands such as <a href=\"http:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/three-mistakes-to-avoid-with-pocket-aces\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">pocket aces<\/a>, pocket kings, and AK. We will get to the next class of limpable hands in the next installment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s no secret that most poker players play too many hands preflop. In fact, you probably play too many hands preflop. There are great treatment programs for this ailment, but this is not one of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":205,"featured_media":2522348,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[877,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2522297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poker-basics","category-poker-strategy"],"acf":{"peak_live_date":null},"aioseo_notices":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/PC-Blog_Three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-Part-One.png",1280,720,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/PC-Blog_Three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-Part-One-373x210.png",373,210,true],"medium":["https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/PC-Blog_Three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-Part-One-746x420.png",746,420,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/PC-Blog_Three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-Part-One-768x432.png",768,432,true],"large":["https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/PC-Blog_Three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-Part-One-1024x576.png",1024,576,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/PC-Blog_Three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-Part-One.png",1280,720,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/PC-Blog_Three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-Part-One.png",1280,720,false],"author_image":["https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/PC-Blog_Three-ways-to-punish-wide-preflop-ranges-Part-One-100x100.png",100,100,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Lee Jones","author_link":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/author\/jonesleehgmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":2,"uagb_excerpt":"It\u2019s no secret that most poker players play too many hands preflop. In fact, you probably play too many hands preflop. There are great treatment programs for this ailment, but this is not one of [&hellip;]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2522297","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/205"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2522297"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2522297\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2539680,"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2522297\/revisions\/2539680"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2522348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2522297"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2522297"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pokercoaching.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2522297"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}