A double up in poker is an expression that describes a situation where player win a pot that doubles the number of chips in their stack.
For example, one player moves all-in for 10,000 chips and is called by another player who has them covered. The first player wins the hand and the pot of 20,000 chips, doubling up their stack.
The term “double up” is usually used in tournament poker, where this is a common situation as stacks are shorter. However, it is completely valid in cash games as well; it’s just that actually doubling up in a cash game doesn’t happen that often.